From topless debate to UV shirts: German outdoor pools mirror society's shifting norms
A dpa feature on 26 July 2026 uses the open-air swimming pool as a lens for conflicting German lifestyles, from tattoos and topless bathing to full-body swimwear and the quiet crisis of decaying infrastructure.
A stage for social diversity
The German open-air swimming pool, the Freibad, is a place of sharp contrasts. Sunbathers doze in the shade while others launch somersaults off the three-metre board. The smell of chlorine mixes with sunscreen, tattooed shoulders brush against bikinis, and lane swimmers share the water with ball players. For some Germans the scene marks the loss of an old bathing romance; for others it simply shows how time moves on.
Christian Mankel, managing director and coordinator of the Bäderallianz Deutschland, dismisses nostalgic complaints. In an interview with Deutsche Presse-Agentur he says the pool is a faithful reflection of society.
Our society is changing, and that is reflected in outdoor pools.
He describes tattoos and clothing styles as expressions of personal freedom and insists that guests’ behaviour matters far more than their appearance.
Appearance versus respect
Tensions do arise, Mankel acknowledges, but not because of a bare torso or boxer shorts peeking above a swimsuit. Real problems begin when people ignore rules.
Personal rights are violated, for example, by unauthorised filming with mobile phones.
The pool, he argues, depends on mutual consideration. Respect and clear rules are more important than any external look.
The clothing spectrum
What swimmers wear has itself become a mirror of competing values. Several cities are debating whether women should be allowed to swim topless, while other guests cover most of their bodies for religious, cultural or health reasons. Mankel sees no contradiction.
Public pools are places of diversity.
A modern facility, he says, should exclude nobody as long as hygiene, safety and house rules are respected. Trained staff, transparent regulations and clear communication are the practical tools that make coexistence possible.
The deeper crisis of pools
Mankel points to a far larger challenge hidden beneath the water’s surface.
The future of swimming pools and the swimming ability of the population must be at the centre.
Many German pools are in need of renovation or are at risk of closure. At the same time, fewer water surfaces are available for school swimming lessons. Every pool that remains open is a benefit for safety, health and social cohesion, Mankel adds.
Health and sun protection
The look of the Freibad is also being reshaped by a growing awareness of skin health. Long-sleeved UV shirts and full-body swimsuits have become a common sight. Dermatologist Svenja Grove, who practises in Mülheim-Kärlich, welcomes the trend.
Sun protection is definitely a sensible measure.
The combination of ageing concrete, shifting dress codes and new health habits means the German Freibad is telling a deeper story than a summer dip alone can reveal.
